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Open access journal
Open access (OA) journals are scholarly journals that are available online to the reader "without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself." They remove price barriers (e.g. subscription, licensing fees, pay-per-view fees) and most permission barriers (e.g. copyright and licensing restrictions).〔 While open access journals are freely available to the reader, there are still costs associated with the publication and production of such journals. Some are subsidized, and some require payment on behalf of the author.〔
Some open access journals are subsidized and are financed by an academic institution, learned society or a government information center. Others are financed by payment of article processing charges by submitting authors, money typically made available to researchers by their institution or funding agency. Sometimes these two are referred to respectively as "gold" and "platinum" models to emphasize their distinction, although other times "gold" OA is used to refer to both paid and unpaid OA.〔Siân Harris (August 2012), "Moving towards an open access future: the role of academic libraries", A report on a roundtable commissioned by SAGE, in association with the British Library. ()〕
In 2009, there were approximately 4,800 active open access journals, publishing around 190,000 articles.〔 As of October 2015, this had increased to over 10,000 open access journals listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://doaj.org/ )〕 A study of random journals from the citations indexes AHSCI, SCI and SSCI in 2013 came to the result that 88% of the journals were closed access and 12% were open access.
==Openness==
There are several varieties of open access journals, including full open access journals with all content open access; hybrid open access journals where only some of the content is open access; and delayed open access journals where the content is made open access after a delay (e.g. 12 or 24 months). Open access journals are one of the two general methods for providing open access. The other one (sometimes called the "green road to open access," as opposed to the "gold road" above) is self-archiving in a repository. The publisher of an open access journal is known as an "open access publisher", and the process, "open access publishing".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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